# History of Monsters. 303

the citizens, a sense of ferocity was instilled, which they were meant to direct against their enemies. The lion carved upon the shield denoted a great and royal spirit. The banner, composed of many ribbons tied to a spear, signified that the citizens must be of one mind. The rose depicted on the banner exhorted the citizens to be ready for friendship, since the rose, being sacred to Venus, was said to invite love.

Since up to this point we have spoken of those statues which, through the various carvings of their hands and other members, signified something to those who beheld them, we shall now briefly cover those—at least the most important ones—that were erected as a reward for learning and virtue. Sesostris, a King of Egypt vigorous in military valor, was granted a statue. Statues were also erected by the Athenians for Aristogiton and Harmodius. A statue was placed for Astylus of Croton, and Autolycus the Pancratiast also had one. Marcus Porcius Cato, Demetrius Phalereus, Eunomius of Locri, the grammarian Verrius Flaccus, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, Mucius Scaevola, Homer, the poet Oppian, Horatius Cocles, and Pausanias the son of Cleombrotus all earned statues, having been heaped with many honors on account of their virtues. Indeed, even the courtesan Phryne had a statue because of her beauty. Josephus the Jew obtained a statue in Rome because of the books he wrote on the Jewish captivity. Cloelia, the Roman maiden, was granted a statue because she took up arms and, mounted on a horse, fled to escape the violence of King Porsena of the Etruscans. Furthermore, so that they might decree the highest honors to the Roman Emperor Claudius II, the Athenian philosopher Epicurus, Minucius Augurinus, Trebius, Numa, Plato, and Phocion—the most excellent leader of the Athenians—they erected statues of distinguished craftsmanship. Lucullus was presented with a statue by the people of Chaeronea, and Demosthenes by the Athenians. Statues were also set up for Conon, the Athenian general, and Evagoras. Polydamas, distinguished for his strength, did not lack a statue, and Cylon obtained one from the Athenians. The Romans decorated the orator Octavian with a statue, and Archias of Hybla likewise earned one. Claudian, the Alexandrian poet, had a statue in the Forum of Trajan. As a monument to the philosopher Junius Rusticus, the Emperor Marcus Aurelius ordered a statue to be carved.

The Mantuans honored Virgil with a statue, and the Athenians set one up for Berosus. In eternal memory of the physician Antonius Musa, the city of Rome placed a statue next to the statue of Aesculapius. Gaia, the wife of Tarquin, earned a statue erected in a temple. And so we could continue through infinite other statues of this kind, for once in Rome the number of statues was so great that it seemed like a second population made of stone. But because countless ones have been destroyed over time, we will now briefly list those that can still be seen in Rome today.

A statue of Alexander the Great with Bucephalus, a notable work by Praxiteles, can be seen before the residence of Cardinal Ferreri. Likewise, a soldier of Alexander the Great, commonly called Pasquino, stands before the house of the Neapolitan Cardinal Carafa. There is an excellent statue of Apollo in the garden of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. One may also behold a marble statue of Aesculapius before Cardinal Carafa’s house, and another of the same Aesculapius, carved differently, in the Grand Duke of Tuscany’s garden. A marble likeness of Adonis with a boar is seen in the house of the Bishop of Aquino. Marble statues of Augustus, as well as another of a captive King of Armenia, are seen on the Capitol. Furthermore, a statue of Atreus in the new Farnese Palace, a most beautiful statue of an Amazon in the villa of Pope Julius III, a statue of Agrippina (daughter of Marcus Agrippa) in the Villa Borghese, and a statue of Anchyroe in the gardens of Cardinal Carpi may all be observed.

Since in ancient times statues were primarily decreed for the gods, it is no wonder that today the Romans admire a statue of Bacchus in the Cesarini garden and another in the Della Valle residence, as well as a marble statue of a Bacchant—a woman once sacrificing to Bacchus—in the same house. Indeed, they admire a marble Bellona in the Borghese residence.

Likewise, a marvelous statue of Ceres is seen on the Capitol, another of her in the villa of Pope Julius III, and finally another in the gardens of Cardinal Ferrara. Similarly, the Romans may view a statue of Cupid in the Garimberti Museum, another of Castor and Pollux in the house of Fabio Baueri, a marble likeness of Julius Caesar on the Capitol, the celebrated Colossus (beneath which lies a representation of captured Dacia) in the gardens of Cardinal Cesi, a statue of a Consul in the gardens of Cardinal Ferrara, and a marble Cleopatra in the palace called the Belvedere.

The Pagans held their idols in such high esteem that they consecrated not just one, but even several marble likenesses—