140 Ulysses Aldrovandi

...finishers of such things, money-changers, refurbishers, jewelers, booksellers, silk-workers, gold-leaf beaters, tax collectors, fullers, weavers of diamond-patterned silk, chimney sweeps, painters using cinnabar, and those craftsmen who elegantly refine both old and new fabrics by subjecting them to heavy polishing presses.

When categorized by the form of their work, men are called weavers, coopers, dyers, papermakers, painters, charcoal burners, makers of mechanical clocks, engravers, printers, hatters, coin-minters, potters, lime-burners, lantern makers, mattress makers, cobblers, comb-makers, box-makers, second-hand dealers, statue-makers, swordsmiths, button-makers, ball-game equipment makers, undergarment makers, saddlers, mask-carvers, mirror-makers, well-diggers, scabbard-makers, carriage-makers, sieve and chest makers, librarians, belt-makers, as well as makers of matches, gunpowder, and tapestries. There are also the wool-workers, whose craft is celebrated in this verse:

"Why do you seek out silk, when fleeces provide our clothes? The former may shine, I confess, but the latter are more becoming."

Finally, depending on the tool they use for their work, they are called wood-turners, millers, grinders, bakers (or oven-tenders), sifters, furnace-workers, tailors, cobblers, embroiderers, and sweepers. Here in Bologna, there are those who, during the vintage season, do no other work but tread the grape skins in the wine presses. If they are involved in guarding things, they are farm-guards, doorkeepers, soldiers, or watchmen; if in the hunt, they are hunters, fishermen, and fowlers. Those who care for animals include ox-drivers, shepherds, swineherds, beekeepers, grooms, charioteers, donkey-drivers, couriers, animal trainers, tamers, stable-hands, veterinarians, and goatherds. Lastly, those who till the earth are peasants, farmers, gardeners, vinedressers, vegetable growers, haymakers, plowmen, landscape gardeners, planters, diggers, and arborists.

HUMAN PARTS

To Which Gods They Are Consecrated.

The pagans believed that certain tutelary deities of the individual parts of the human body resided in the heavens. Thus, some consecrated the head to Jupiter, the eyes to Minerva, the arms to Juno, the breast to Neptune, the loins to Venus, and the feet to Mercury. However, others—believing that as a human emerges from the womb, they receive their spirit from the Sun, their body from the Moon, blood from Mars, intellect from Mercury, desire from Jupiter, pleasure from Venus, and finally their honors from Saturn—departed from this specific series of tutelary gods. According to Julius Firmicus, Saturn protects the right ear, the spleen, and the melancholic humor; Jupiter the left ear and the liver; Mars shares the liver with Jupiter and the loins with Venus; the Sun governs the spirit, the head, and the right eye; Venus and Mars together govern the nostrils; Mercury the mouth, tongue, and hands (the helpers of human speech); and finally, the Moon watches over the left eye.

Many agree, however, that the forehead was once consecrated to the *Genius*, and the eyebrows dedicated to Juno. This is because they cover the eyes, with which we enjoy the light that the ancients believed flowed from Juno; for this reason, she was called Juno Lucina. They dedicated the ear to the Goddess of Memory and the tongue to Mercury; accordingly, astrologers taught that the tongue is ruled by that same planet. The beard and hair, however, they made sacred to Apollo. As Rhodiginus notes, youths would offer the first clipping of their hair or beard to Phoebus, because the growth of living things arises from a moist and fiery nature. They consecrated the right hand to Faith, and according to others, to Fortitude, since people entered into peace by joining right hands, and those in need of help sought a right hand; indeed, suppliants would even kiss it. From this comes the word *dexter*—meaning "favorable" or "propitious"—derived from *dextra* (the right hand). Furthermore, those about to take an oath would swear by the right hand as the seat of faith.

From the hand hang the fingers, which they wished to be sacred to Minerva. The stomach, overflowing with a great abundance of phlegm, they referred to the dominion of the Moon, since she is believed to generate a profusion of moisture. They established the navel as dedicated to Venus; since